Linus Carl PaulingFRS(/ˈpɔːlɪŋ/PAW-ling; February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994)was an Americanchemistandpeace activist. He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics.New Scientistcalled him one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time.For his scientific work, Pauling was awarded theNobel Prize in Chemistryin 1954.For his peace activism, he was awarded theNobel Peace Prizein 1962. He is one of five people to havewon more than one Nobel Prize.Of these, he is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes,and one of two people to be awarded Nobel Prizes in different fields, the other beingMarie Skłodowska-Curie. Pauling was one of the founders of the fields ofquantum chemistryandmolecular biology.His contributions to the theory of the chemical bond include the concept oforbital hybridisationand the first accurate scale ofelectronegativitiesof the elements. Pauling also worked on the structures of biological molecules, and showed the importance of thealpha helixandbeta sheetinprotein secondary structure. Pauling's approach combined methods and results fromX-ray crystallography,molecular modelbuilding, and quantum chemistry. His discoveries inspired the work ofRosalind Franklin,James Watson,Francis Crick, andMaurice Wilkinson the structure ofDNA, which in turn made it possible for geneticists to crack the DNA code of all organisms. In his later years, he promotednuclear disarmament, as well asorthomolecular medicine,megavitamin therapy,anddietary supplements, especiallyascorbic acid(commonly known as Vitamin C). None of his ideas concerning the medical usefulness of large doses of vitamins have gained much acceptance in the mainstream scientific community.He was married to the American human rights activistAva Helen Pauling. Fields: Quantum chemistry, Biochemistry Education: Oregon State University BS California Institute of Technology PhD